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21.
Assessment of the importance of sorption for steroid estrogens removal during activated sludge treatment 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Andersen HR Hansen M Kjølholt J Stuer-Lauridsen F Ternes T Halling-Sørensen B 《Chemosphere》2005,61(1):139-146
Distribution coefficients (K(d)) between water and activated sludge particles (f(oc)=27.7+/-0.1%) were measured for the steroid estrogens (SE), estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in batch experiments. Experimental concentration levels ranged from environmentally realistic low ng/l to the high microg/l. In this range K(d)s were independent of their water concentration. The experimentally obtained K(d)s (with 95% confidence intervals) were 402+/-126 l/kg, 476+/-192 l/kg and 584+/-136 l/kg for E1, E2 and EE2, respectively. K(d)s were used to estimate the fraction of the total SE concentration that is expected to be sorbed in the activated sludge treatment tanks of a typical STP assuming equilibrium conditions. Assuming a suspended solids concentration of 4 g/l dissolved solids (ds), it was estimated that 61+/-9%, 66+/-13% and 70+/-6% of the total concentration of E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, would be sorbed during activated sludge treatment. The fraction of the SEs that was expected to be sorbed to suspended sludge particles in the effluents from a typical Danish STP was estimated to be only 0.20+/-0.06%, 0.24+/-0.10% and 0.29+/-0.07% of the total concentration of E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, at a suspended solids concentration of 5 mg/lds. For a typical STP the removal of steroid estrogens with excess sludge was estimated to be only 1.5-1.8% of the total loading if equilibrium conditions exists. Sorption is therefore not important for the fate of SEs in STPs compared to biodegradation. 相似文献
22.
Martin Forsius Maximilian Posch Julian Aherne Gert Jan Reinds Jesper Christensen Lars Hole 《Ambio》2010,39(2):136-147
For more than a decade, anthropogenic sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition has been identified as a key pollutant in the
Arctic. In this study new critical loads of acidity (S and N) were estimated for terrestrial ecosystems north of 60° latitude
by applying the Simple Mass Balance (SMB) model using two critical chemical criteria (Al/Bc = 1 and ANCle = 0). Critical loads were exceeded in large areas of northern Europe and the Norilsk region in western Siberia during the
1990s, with the more stringent criterion (ANCle = 0) showing the larger area of exceedance. However, modeled deposition estimates indicate that mean concentrations of sulfur
oxides and total S deposition within the Arctic almost halved between 1990 and 2000. The modeled exceeded area is much reduced
when currently agreed emission reductions are applied, and almost disappears under the implementation of maximum technically
feasible reductions by 2020. In northern North America there was no exceedance under any of the deposition scenarios applied.
Modeled N deposition was less than 5 kg ha−1 y−1 almost across the entire study area for all scenarios; and therefore empirical critical loads for the eutrophying impact
of nitrogen are unlikely to be exceeded. The reduction in critical load exceedances is supported by observed improvements
in surface water quality, whereas the observed extensive damage of terrestrial vegetation around the mining and smelter complexes
in the area is mainly caused by direct impacts of air pollution and metals. 相似文献
23.
Many different classification schemes have been used in the analysis of road traffic accidents but the agreement between coders using the same classification scheme is rarely tested and/or reported. As a high intercoder agreement is a prerequisite for a study’s validity, this is a serious shortcoming. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to test the intercoder agreement of the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM) version 3.0 by letting seven coders from different European countries analyse and classify the causes of the same four accident scenarios. The results showed that the intercoder agreement for genotypes (contributing factors) ranges from 74% to 94% with an average of 83%, while for phenotypes (observable effects) it ranges from 57% to 100% with an average of 78%. The results also showed that weaknesses in classification schemes, methods, training of coders as well as in presentation of accident information can be identified by testing the intercoder agreement. 相似文献
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Neglected sources of pharmaceuticals in river water--footprints of a Reggae festival 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daneshvar A Svanfelt J Kronberg L Weyhenmeyer GA 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(2):596-603
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are commonly considered as the main source of pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Here, however, we show that an open-air festival, attracting approximately 10,000 visitors per year at the shores of River Fyris upstream of Uppsala WWTP, can temporarily result in a higher pharmaceutical input into the river water than the WWTP. Studying the influence of Uppsala Reggae festival on the occurrence of ten commonly used acidic and basic pharmaceuticals upstream, in the effluent, and downstream of the Uppsala WWTP, we found that occasional heavy rainfalls during the festival in 2008 severely increased the mass flows of all pharmaceuticals at the WWTP upstream site. Also, strong increases in ammonium (210-fold), nitrate (21-fold), and total nitrogen (21-fold) mass flows were observed. The pharmaceutical mass flows at the upstream site were up to 3.4 times higher than those observed in the WWTP effluent. In contrast, in 2009, the festival was not accompanied with rainfalls and no major additional input of pharmaceuticals and nitrogen was observed. The findings of this study give new insights into risk assessments and are relevant for monitoring programmes. 相似文献
28.
The formation of stable and potentially hazardous compounds as a result of photochemical transformation of pharmaceutical
substances in the aquatic environment implies a demand for standard compounds within environmental analysis. The major phototransformation
products of diclofenac are comprised of substituted diphenylamines and carbazoles. Substituted diphenylamines were synthesized
by Ullmann condensation reactions between anilines and halobenzenes. Monochlorocarbazoles were obtained from palladium-catalyzed
intramolecular coupling reactions of monochlorinated diphenylamines, photocyclization of dichlorinated diphenylamines or by
direct chlorination of carbazole. The availability of synthetic photoproducts of diclofenac is of critical importance for
further studies on the environmental fate as well as the ecotoxicological effects of the drug in the environment. 相似文献
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Jesper Rydén 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2010,17(1):125-132
Statistical studies of hurricane activity in the North Atlantic basin are of current interest, not the least after the year
of 2005 when many records were broken. An exploratory analysis of possibly increasing trend of the yearly number of hurricanes
can be carried out by employing a graphic device, the SiZer map. Use of this method provides a useful complement to other
statistical techniques for detection of trends or shifts in time series. 相似文献